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Free Physics Study Material for CSIR NET, IIT JAM, GATE, JEST & TIFR

by Pravegaa Education
Pravegaa PYQ Series · Volume 3: Electromagnetic Theory, Waves & Optics

EM03: Dielectrics

31 previous-year questions with complete solutions, from IIT JAM, GATE, CSIR NET-JRF, JEST and TIFR, arranged from IIT JAM and GATE through to TIFR and from the most recent paper backwards. Click Show solution under any question.

  • IIT JAM: 10
  • GATE: 6
  • CSIR NET: 5
  • JEST: 5
  • TIFR GS: 5
EM03.1IIT JAM 2025, Q37MSQ | 2 marks

Which of the following relations is(are) valid for linear dielectrics?

[\(\vec E\) = Electric field, \(\vec P\) = Polarization, \(\vec D\) = Electric displacement, \(\varepsilon_0\) = Permittivity of free space, \(\varepsilon\) = Dielectric permittivity, \(\chi_e\) = Electric susceptibility, \(\rho_f\) = Free charge density, \(\rho_b\) = Bound charge density]

  1. \(\vec P=\varepsilon_0\chi_e\vec E\)

  2. \(\varepsilon=\varepsilon_0(1+\chi_e)\)

  3. \(\vec D=\varepsilon_0\vec E+\vec P\)

  4. \(\vec\nabla\cdot\vec D=\rho_f+\rho_b\)

Show solution

(A) is the definition of a linear dielectric. (C) is the definition of \(\vec D\). Combining them, \(\vec D=\varepsilon_0(1+\chi_e)\vec E=\varepsilon\vec E\), which gives (B).

(D) is wrong: Gauss's law for \(\vec D\) involves only the free charge, \[\vec\nabla\cdot\vec D=\varepsilon_0\vec\nabla\cdot\vec E+\vec\nabla\cdot\vec P=(\rho_f+\rho_b)-\rho_b=\rho_f .\] Hence \(\boxed{\text{(A), (B), (C)}}\).

Answer: (A), (B), (C)

EM03.2IIT JAM 2025, Q43NAT | 1 mark

Consider two media 1 and 2 having permittivities \(\varepsilon_0\) and \(\varepsilon_1\,(=2\varepsilon_0)\), respectively. The interface between the two media aligns with the \(x\)–\(y\) plane. An electric field \(\vec E_1=4\hat\imath-5\hat\jmath-\hat k\) exists in medium 1. The magnitude of the displacement vector \(\vec D_2\) in medium 2 is \(\varepsilon_0\). (up to two decimal places)

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The normal to the interface is \(\hat k\). With no free surface charge, the tangential \(\vec E\) and the normal \(\vec D\) are continuous: \[\vec E_{2\parallel}=\vec E_{1\parallel}=4\hat\imath-5\hat\jmath,\qquad D_{2z}=D_{1z}=\varepsilon_0(-1)=-\varepsilon_0 .\] The tangential part of \(\vec D_2\) is \(2\varepsilon_0(4\hat\imath-5\hat\jmath)\), so \[\vec D_2=\varepsilon_0\left(8\hat\imath-10\hat\jmath-\hat k\right),\qquad |\vec D_2|=\varepsilon_0\sqrt{64+100+1}=\sqrt{165}\,\varepsilon_0=\boxed{12.85\,\varepsilon_0}\]

Answer: 12.85 (range 12.65 to 13.05)

EM03.3IIT JAM 2024, Q23MCQ | 2 marks

The plane \(z=0\) separates two linear dielectric media with relative permittivities \(\varepsilon_{r1}=4\) and \(\varepsilon_{r2}=3\), respectively. There is no free charge at the interface. If the electric field in the medium 1 is \(\vec E_1=3\hat x+2\hat y+4\hat z\), then the displacement vector \(\vec D_2\) in medium 2 is:

(\(\varepsilon_0\) is the permittivity of free space)

  1. \((3\hat x+4\hat y+6\hat z)\varepsilon_0\)

  2. \((3\hat x+6\hat y+8\hat z)\varepsilon_0\)

  3. \((9\hat x+6\hat y+16\hat z)\varepsilon_0\)

  4. \((4\hat x+2\hat y+3\hat z)\varepsilon_0\)

Show solution

Boundary conditions (no free surface charge): \(\vec E_\parallel\) continuous and \(D_\perp\) continuous. \[ \vec E_{2\parallel}=3\hat x+2\hat y\quad\Rightarrow\quad \vec D_{2\parallel}=3\varepsilon_0(3\hat x+2\hat y)=\varepsilon_0(9\hat x+6\hat y), \] \[ D_{2z}=D_{1z}=\varepsilon_0\varepsilon_{r1}E_{1z}=4\varepsilon_0\times4=16\varepsilon_0 . \] \[ \vec D_2=\boxed{(9\hat x+6\hat y+16\hat z)\varepsilon_0} \]

Answer: (C) \((9\hat x+6\hat y+16\hat z)\varepsilon_0\)

EM03.4IIT JAM 2024, Q47NAT | 1 mark

A charge of \(-9\ \mathrm C\) is placed at the center of a concentric spherical shell made of a linear dielectric material (relative permittivity 9) and having inner and outer radii of \(0.1\ \mathrm m\) and \(0.2\ \mathrm m\), respectively. The total charge induced on its inner surface is C. (Rounded off to two decimal place)

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By Gauss's law for \(\vec D\), inside the dielectric \(\vec D=\dfrac{Q}{4\pi r^2}\hat r\), so \[ \vec E=\frac{Q}{4\pi\varepsilon_0\varepsilon_r r^2}\hat r,\qquad \vec P=\varepsilon_0(\varepsilon_r-1)\vec E=\frac{\varepsilon_r-1}{\varepsilon_r}\,\frac{Q}{4\pi r^2}\hat r . \] On the inner surface (\(r=a=0.1\) m) the outward normal of the dielectric is \(-\hat r\), so \(\sigma_b=\vec P\cdot(-\hat r)\) and \[ Q_{b,\text{inner}}=4\pi a^2\sigma_b=-\frac{\varepsilon_r-1}{\varepsilon_r}\,Q=-\frac{8}{9}\times(-9\ \mathrm C)=\boxed{8.00\ \mathrm C} \] (independent of the radii; the outer surface carries \(-8\) C).

Answer: 8.00 (range 7.90 to 8.10)

EM03.5IIT JAM 2023, Q26MCQ | 2 marks

At the planar interface of two dielectrics, which of the following statements related to the electric field (\(\vec E\)), electric displacement (\(\vec D\)) and polarization (\(\vec P\)) is true?

  1. Normal component of both \(\vec D\) and \(\vec P\) are continuous

  2. Normal component of both \(\vec D\) and \(\vec E\) are discontinuous

  3. Normal component of \(\vec D\) is continuous and that of \(\vec P\) is discontinuous

  4. Normal component of both \(\vec E\) and \(\vec P\) are continuous

Show solution

At an interface with no free surface charge, \(D_{1\perp}-D_{2\perp}=\sigma_f=0\), so \(D_\perp\) is continuous. Bound surface charge does build up at the interface, \(\sigma_b=-(P_{1\perp}-P_{2\perp})\neq0\), so \(P_\perp\) is discontinuous. Since \(\epsilon_0E_\perp=D_\perp-P_\perp\), \(E_\perp\) is also discontinuous. (Tangential \(\vec E\) is continuous.)

Only statement (C) is correct. \[\boxed{\text{(C)}}\]

Answer: (C)

EM03.6IIT JAM 2022, Q60NAT | 2 marks

A charge \(q\) is uniformly distributed over the volume of a dielectric sphere of radius \(a\). If the dielectric constant \(\epsilon_r=2\), then the ratio of the electrostatic energy stored inside the sphere to that stored outside is (Round off to 1 decimal place).

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By Gauss's law for \(\vec D\), \(D=\dfrac{qr}{4\pi a^3}\) inside and \(D=\dfrac{q}{4\pi r^2}\) outside. Hence \[ E_{in}=\frac{qr}{4\pi\epsilon_0\epsilon_r a^3}\;(r<a),\qquad E_{out}=\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0r^2}\;(r>a). \] With energy density \(u=\tfrac12\epsilon E^2\), \begin{align*} U_{in}&=\frac12\epsilon_0\epsilon_r\int_0^a\left(\frac{qr}{4\pi\epsilon_0\epsilon_ra^3}\right)^24\pi r^2\,dr=\frac{q^2}{8\pi\epsilon_0\epsilon_ra^6}\cdot\frac{a^5}{5}=\frac{q^2}{40\pi\epsilon_0\epsilon_ra},\\ U_{out}&=\frac12\epsilon_0\int_a^\infty\left(\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0r^2}\right)^24\pi r^2\,dr=\frac{q^2}{8\pi\epsilon_0a}. \end{align*} \[ \frac{U_{in}}{U_{out}}=\frac{1}{5\epsilon_r}=\frac{1}{10}=\boxed{0.1} \]

Answer: 0.1

EM03.7IIT JAM 2020, Q37MSQ | 2 marks

A spherical dielectric shell with inner radius \(a\) and outer radius \(b\), has polarization \(\vec P=\dfrac{k}{r^2}\hat r\), where \(k\) is a constant and \(\hat r\) is the unit vector along the radial direction. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

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